人工智能的定义

人工智能（Artificial Intelligence, AI）是通过计算机系统模拟人类智能的技术，涵盖学习、推理、问题解决、感知和语言理解等能力。其核心目标是创建能够执行复杂任务的机器，甚至超越人类表现。

主要技术分支

机器学习：通过数据训练模型，无需显式编程。典型方法包括监督学习、无监督学习和强化学习。
深度学习：基于神经网络的机器学习子领域，擅长处理图像、语音等非结构化数据。
自然语言处理（NLP）：实现机器与人类语言交互，应用于聊天机器人、翻译系统等。
计算机视觉：赋予机器图像识别能力，如人脸识别、自动驾驶。

应用场景

• 医疗：辅助诊断、药物研发。
• 金融：欺诈检测、算法交易。
• 制造业：预测性维护、质量控制。
• 零售：个性化推荐、库存管理。

挑战与争议

伦理问题：数据隐私、算法偏见、自动化取代就业。
技术瓶颈：依赖大量数据、模型可解释性差、泛化能力有限。

发展趋势

• 通用人工智能（AGI）：当前AI多为专用弱人工智能，AGI旨在实现类人全能智能。
• 边缘AI：将AI部署到终端设备，减少云端依赖。
• AI伦理框架：各国推动法规确保AI发展符合社会价值观。

代码示例（Python中使用TensorFlow构建简单神经网络）：

import tensorflow as tf
model = tf.keras.Sequential([
    tf.keras.layers.Dense(128, activation='relu'),
    tf.keras.layers.Dense(10, activation='softmax')
])
model.compile(optimizer='adam', loss='sparse_categorical_crossentropy', metrics=['accuracy'])

数学公式（损失函数交叉熵）：
$$
L = -\sum_{i=1}^n y_i \log(p_i)
$$
其中$y_i$为真实标签，$p_i$为预测概率。

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